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The Pre-Greek substrate (or Pre-Greek substratum) consists of the unknown language or languages spoken in prehistoric Greece before the settlement of Proto-Greek speakers in the area. It is possible that Greek took over some thousand words and proper names from such a language (or languages), because some of its vocabulary cannot be satisfactorily explained as deriving from the Proto-Greek language. ==Pre-Greek loanwords== There are different categories of Pre-Greek, or "Aegean", loanwords such as:〔.〕 * Animals: e.g. βόλινθος/βόνασσος, 'wild ox'; κάνθαρος, 'beetle'; σμίνθος, 'mouse'. * Architecture: e.g. λαβύρινθος, 'labyrinth'; πλίνθος, 'brick'; πύργος, ''pyrgos'', 'tower'.〔If the substratum is actually Indo-European, ''pyrgos'' as well as ''Pergamos'' might be connected to Proto-Indo-European ('' *bhergh-'' ).〕 * Maritime Vocabulary: e.g. θάλασσα, 'thálassa', 'sea'. * Musical Instruments: e.g. σύριγξ, 'flute'; κίθαρις, 'kitharis', 'guitar'; σάλπιγξ, 'trumpet'; φόρμιγξ, 'lyre'. * Personal Names: e.g. Ὀδυσσεύς, 'Odysseus'.〔.〕 * Plants: e.g. ἐλαία, 'elaia', 'olive tree'; κισσός, 'kissos', 'ivy'; ἄμπελος, 'ampelos', 'vine'. * Metals and Metallurgy: κασσίτερος, 'kassiteros', 'tin'; χαλκός, 'chalkos', 'bronze'; μόλυβός, 'molybos', 'lead'; σίδηρος, 'sideros', 'iron'. * Social Institutions: e.g. τύραννος, 'tyrannos', 'absolute ruler'. * Theonyms: e.g. Άπόλλων, 'Apollon', 'Apollo'.〔.〕 * Toponyms (or Placenames): ''-nth-'' (e.g. Κόρινθος 'Korinthos', Ζάκυνθος 'Zakynthos'), ''-ss-'' (e.g. Παρνασσός 'Parnassos') and ''-tt-'' (e.g. Ὑμηττός 'Hymettus').〔.〕 * Use of Domestic Species: έλαιον, 'elaion', 'olive oil'; οίνος, 'oinos', 'wine'; λήκυθος, 'likythos', 'oil-flask'; κάνθων, 'kanthon', 'pack-ass'. * Weapons: σιβύνη, 'hunting spear'; υσσός, 'javelin'; θώραξ, 'corselet'. * Weaving: μύρινθος, 'cord'; αρύβαλλος, 'purse'; χίτων, 'tunic'. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pre-Greek substrate」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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